Sulforaphane and Cancer Prevention: A Comprehensive Study of Extraction, Structural Properties, and Therapeutic Potential

Abstract

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, primarily driven by uncontrolled cell proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to conventional therapies. Natural bioactive compounds have gained attention as safer and more effective alternatives to synthetic drugs. Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate derived from the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower, has emerged as a potent anticancer agent. This review comprehensively explores the structural properties, natural sources, and extraction strategies of SFN, alongside its therapeutic mechanisms in cancer prevention and treatment. Advances in extraction methods including solvent-based, microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and high-pressure techniques have improved SFN yield and purity. Mechanistically, SFN exhibits multi-targeted anticancer activity by modulating carcinogen metabolism, inhibiting phase I enzymes, inducing phase II detoxifying enzymes, activating Nrf2 signaling, regulating epigenetic modifications, and triggering apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Preclinical and in vitro studies further highlight SFN’s ability to inhibit tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis across multiple cancer types. Moreover, nanocarrier-based delivery systems, particularly micelle-formulations, enhance its stability, bioavailability, and targeted release, expanding its clinical potential. Taken together, SFN represents a promising nutraceutical and therapeutic candidate for cancer chemoprevention and adjunctive therapy. Future research should focus on optimizing large-scale extraction, understanding dose-dependent effects in humans, and advancing clinical trials to translate its therapeutic efficacy into practical applications.